Which theory posits that human behavior is shaped by observation and experience?

The correct choice highlights social cognitive theory, which emphasizes that human behavior is significantly influenced by observational learning, imitation, and modeling. This theory, developed by Albert Bandura, suggests that individuals learn not only through their direct experiences but also by watching others and the outcomes of their behaviors.

The key components of social cognitive theory include the interaction between personal factors, environmental influences, and behaviors, suggesting a reciprocal relationship among these elements. For instance, when individuals observe someone achieve success through a particular behavior, they are likely to emulate that behavior, influenced by perceived outcomes. This understanding is crucial in various management and leadership contexts, as it helps explain how behaviors can be shaped and modified in organizational settings, especially through role modeling and mentoring.

Other theories mentioned do not focus specifically on the role of observation and experience. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory concerning individual needs and their progression but does not inherently address learning through observation. Behaviorist theory centers on stimulus-response relationships and reinforcement rather than observational learning. Lastly, Vygotsky's social development theory focuses on social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development but does not specifically address the role of observation in shaping behavior in the same comprehensive manner as social cognitive theory.